Production of 5-methyl-N-aryl-2-pyrrolidone and 5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone by reductive amination of levulinic acid esters with aryl and alkyl amines

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a process for producing 5-methyl-N-aryl-2-pyrrolidone, 5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone, and 5-methyl-N-cycloalkyl-2-pyrrolidone by reductive amination of levulinic acid esters with aryl or alkyl amines utilizing a metal catalyst, which is optionally supported.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to a process for producing 5-methyl-N-aryl-2-pyrrolidone, 5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone, and 5-methyl-N-cycloalkyl-2-pyrrolidone by reductive amination of levulinic acid esters with aryl or alkyl amines utilizing a metal catalyst, which is optionally supported.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Levulinic acid is a well-known product of hexose acid hydrolysis, and can be inexpensively obtained from cellulose feedstocks. Consequently, it is an attractive starting material in producing many useful 5-carbon compounds and their derivatives. For example, N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as a solvent or intermediate in many industrial applications, including the electronics industry (photo-resist stripping solutions), industrial cleaners, oil/gas well maintenance, and fiber dyeing.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,337,585 discloses a process for preparing 5-methyl-1-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone utilizing levulinic acid and a primary alkyl amine at a temperature of 50° C. to 350° C. under carbon monoxide at a pressure of 1.0 to 101 MPa. Alkyl esters may also be used as a reactant with a primary amine. Additional potential primary amines include alkylene diamines, aryl amines and cycloalkyl amines. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,235,562 a vapor phase process is used for the production of lactams by reductive amination of oxo carboxylic acid or oxo carboxylic acid ester compounds. Alkyl or aryl volatile primary amines may be used.

An efficient and low cost process for the production of aryl, alkyl and cycloalkyl pyrrolidones would be advantageous.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a novel, one-step process for converting levulinic acid esters and aryl or alkyl amines to aryl, alkyl and cycloalkyl pyrrolidones as set forth in greater detail below in the presence of catalysts. Specifically, the present invention relates to a process for preparing 5-methyl-N-aryl-2-pyrrolidone (III), 5-methyl-N-cycloalkyl-2-pyrrolidone (IV), or a mixture thereof, which comprises the step of contacting a levulinic acid ester (I) with an aryl amine (II) in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen gas;

-   -   wherein R₁ is an aromatic group having from 6 to 30 carbons, R₂         is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, C₁-C₁₈ unsubstituted         or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl,         unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or         substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl         containing at least one heteroatom, unsubstituted or substituted         aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and R₃ is a         fully or partially reduced derivative of R₁ and wherein         5-methyl-N-aryl-2-pyrrolidone (III),         5-methyl-N-cycloalkyl-2-pyrrolidone (IV), or a mixture thereof,         may comprise 100% by weight of the total product formed, or         wherein additional products may be produced.

The catalyst useful in the process of the invention is selected from metals from the group consisting of palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, osmium; compounds thereof; and combinations thereof.

The present invention also relates to a process for preparing 5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone (VI) which comprises the step of contacting a levulinic acid ester (I) with an alkyl amine (V) in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen gas;

-   -   wherein R₂ is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, C₁-C₁₈         unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted         alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or         substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl         containing at least one heteroatom, unsubstituted or substituted         aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and wherein         R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbons, and wherein R₄         may be C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, C₁-C₃₀         unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted or         substituted alkynyl, C₃-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted         cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl         containing at least one heteroatom, and wherein         5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone (VI) may comprise 100% by weight         of the total product formed, or wherein additional products may         be produced.

The catalyst useful in this process of the invention is selected from metals from the group consisting of palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, osmium; compounds thereof; and combinations thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

By “levulinic acid ester” is meant the compound having the following formula wherein R₂ is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, C₁-C₁₈ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl containing at least one heteroatom, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl:

By “aryl amine” is meant the compound having the formula R-NH₂ wherein R is an aromatic group. An “aromatic group” is benzene or compounds that resemble benzene in chemical behavior.

By “5-methyl-N-aryl-2-pyrrolidone” is meant the compound having the general formula below wherein R₁ is an aryl group having from 6 to 30 carbons:

By “5-methyl-N-cycloalkyl-2-pyrrolidone” is meant the compound having the general formula below wherein R₃ is a cycloalkyl group having from 6 to 30 carbons:

By “5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone” is meant the compound having the general formula below wherein R₄ is C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, C₃-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl containing at least one heteroatom:

By “catalyst” is meant a substance that affects the rate of the reaction but not the reaction equilibrium, and emerges from the process chemically unchanged.

By “metal catalyst” is meant a catalyst that is comprised of at least one metal, at least one Raney metal, compounds thereof or combinations thereof.

By “promoter” is meant an element of the Periodic Table that is added to enhance the physical or chemical function of the catalyst. The promoter can also be added to retard undesirable side reactions and/or affect the rate of the reaction.

By “metal promoter” is meant a metallic compound that is added to enhance the physical or chemical function of a catalyst. The metal promoter can also be added to retard undesirable side reactions and/or affect the rate of the reaction.

By “fully or partially reduced derivative” of an aryl compound is meant a compound that can be derived from the parent compound by saturating or reducing one or more of the unsaturated bonds in the aromatic ring. Unsaturated compounds are compounds that contain one or more carbon to carbon double or triple bonds. For example, a fully reduced derivative of a phenyl group is a cyclohexyl group.

This invention relates to the synthesis of 5-methyl-N-aryl-2-pyrrolidone (III), 5-methyl-N-cycloalkyl-2-pyrrolidone (IV) or a mixture thereof, from a reaction between a levulinic acid ester (I) and an aryl amine (II) in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen gas;

-   -   wherein R₁ is an aromatic group having from 6 to 30 carbons, and         R₂ is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, C₁-C₁₈         unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted         alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or         substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl         containing at least one heteroatom, unsubstituted or substituted         aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl and R₃ is a         fully or partially reduced derivative of R₁, and wherein         5-methyl-N-aryl-2-pyrrolidone (III),         5-methyl-N-cycloalkyl-2-pyrrolidone (IV) or a mixture thereof,         may comprise 100% by weight of the total product formed, or         wherein additional products may be produced.

In addition, this invention relates to the synthesis of 5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone (VI) from a reaction between a levulinic acid ester (I) and an alkyl amine (V) in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen gas;

-   -   wherein R2 is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, C1-C18         unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted         alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or         substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl         containing at least one heteroatom, unsubstituted or substituted         aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and wherein         R4 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbons, and wherein R4         may be C1-C30 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, C1-C30         unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, C1-C30 unsubstituted or         substituted alkynyl, C3-C30 unsubstituted or substituted         cycloalkyl, or C3-C30 unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl         containing at least one heteroatom, and wherein         5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone (VI) may comprise 100% by weight         of the total product formed, or wherein additional products may         be produced.

A catalyst, with or without a support, may be present in the processes of the invention to effect the amination reactions. A promoter may optionally be used to aid the reactions. The promoter can be a metal.

The processes of the present invention may be carried out in batch, sequential batch (i.e., a series of batch reactors) or in continuous mode in any of the equipment customarily employed for continuous process (see for example, H.S. Fogler, Elementary Chemical Reaction Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc., N.J., USA). The condensate water formed as the product of the reaction is removed by separation methods customarily employed for such separations, such as distillation.

The aryl and cycloalkyl groups represented by R₁ and R₃ preferably have from 6 to 30 carbons. More preferably R₁ and R₃ have from 6 to 12 carbons. The hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl group represented by R₂ preferably has from 1 to 18 carbons. More preferably, R₂ has from 1 to 12 carbons. The unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl group represented by R₄ in Formulas (V) and (VI) preferably has from 1 to 30 carbons. More preferably the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl group represented by R₄ in Formulas (V) and (VI) has from 1 to 12 carbons.

In the processes of the invention, a molar ratio of aryl or alkyl amine to levulinic acid ester of from about 0.01/1 to about 100/1 is preferred at the start of the reaction. A molar ratio of aryl or alkyl amine to levulinic acid ester of from about 0.1/1 to about 5/1 is further preferred at the start of the reaction.

A temperature range of from about 50° C. to about 300° C. is preferred for the processes of the invention. A temperature range of from about 75° C. to about 225° C. is further preferred.

A pressure range of from about 0.3 MPa to about 20 MPa is employed for the processes of the invention. A pressure range of from about 1.3 MPa to about 7.6 MPa is preferred.

The reactions of the present invention can be performed in non-reacting solvent media such as water, alcohols, ethers, and pyrrolidones. Alternatively, the excess of aryl or alkyl amine can also act as the solvent medium.

The catalyst useful in the invention is a substance that affects the rate of the reaction but not the reaction equilibrium, and emerges from the process chemically unchanged. A chemical promoter generally augments the activity of a catalyst. The promoter herein may be incorporated into the catalyst during any step in the chemical processing of the catalyst constituent. The chemical promoter generally enhances the physical or chemical function of the catalyst agent, but can also be added to retard undesirable side reactions.

The processes of the invention involve reductive amination of levulinic acid esters with aryl or alkyl amines, which is effected in the presence of a catalyst. The principal component of the catalyst useful herein is selected from metals from the group consisting of palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, osmium; compounds thereof; and combinations thereof.

A promoter may be used optionally in the reactions of the present invention. The promoter herein may be incorporated into the catalyst during any step in the chemical processing of the catalyst constituent. Suitable promoters for the processes of the invention include metals selected from tin, zinc, copper, gold, silver, and combinations thereof. The preferred metal promoter is tin. Other promoters that can be used are elements selected from Group 1 and Group 2 of the Periodic Table.

The catalyst used in the process may be supported or unsupported. A supported catalyst is one in which the active catalyst agent is deposited on a support material by a number of methods, such as spraying, soaking or physical mixing, followed by drying, calcination, and if necessary, activation through methods such as reduction or oxidation. Materials frequently used as a support are porous solids with high total surface areas (external and internal) which can provide high concentrations of active sites per unit weight of catalyst. The catalyst support may enhance the function of the catalyst agent. A supported metal catalyst is a supported catalyst in which the catalyst agent is a metal.

A catalyst that is not supported on a catalyst support material is an unsupported catalyst. An unsupported catalyst may be platinum black or a Raney catalyst. The term “Raney catalyst” as used herein refers to catalysts that have a high surface area due to selectively leaching an alloy containing the active metal(s) and a leachable metal (usually aluminum). The term Raney catalyst is not meant to denote any particular source of the material. Raney catalysts have high activity due to the higher specific area and allow the use of lower temperatures in hydrogenation reactions. The active metals of Raney catalysts include nickel, copper, cobalt, iron, rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, palladium; compounds thereof; and combinations thereof.

Promoter metals may also be added to the base Raney metals to affect selectivity and/or activity of the Raney catalyst. Promoter metals for Raney catalysts may be selected from transition metals from Groups IIIA through VIIIA, IB and IIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Examples of promoter metals include chromium, molybdenum, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and palladium, typically at about 2% by weight of the total metal.

The catalyst support useful herein can be any solid, inert substance including, but not limited to, oxides such as silica, alumina and titania; barium sulfate; calcium carbonate; and carbons. The catalyst support can be in the form of powder, granules, pellets, or the like.

A preferred support material of the invention is selected from the group consisting of carbon, alumina, silica, silica-alumina, silica-titania, titania, titania-alumina, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, compounds thereof and combinations thereof. Supported metal catalysts can also have supporting materials made from one or more compounds. More preferred supports are alumina, silica, titania and carbon. Further preferred supports are carbons with a surface area greater than 100 m²/g. A further preferred support is carbon with a surface area greater than 200 m²/g. Preferably, the carbon has an ash content that is less than 5% by weight of the catalyst support; the ash content is the inorganic residue (expressed as a percentage of the original weight of the carbon) which remains after incineration of the carbon.

Commercially available carbons which may be used in this invention include those sold under the following trademarks: Bameby & Sutcliffe™, Darco™, Nuchar™, Columbia JXN™, Columbia LCK™, Calgon PCB™, Calgon BPL™, Westvaco™, Norit™ and Barnaby Cheny NB™. The carbon can also be commercially available carbon such as Calsicat C, Sibunit C, or Calgon C (commercially available under the registered trademark Centaur(R)).

In the processes of the invention, the preferred content of the metal catalyst in the supported catalyst is from about 0.1% to about 20% of the supported catalyst based on metal catalyst weight plus the support weight. A more preferred metal catalyst content range is from about 1% to about 10% of the supported catalyst. A further preferred metal catalyst content range is from about 3% to about 7% of the supported catalyst.

Combinations of catalyst and support system may include any one of the metals referred to herein with any of the supports referred to herein. Preferred combinations of catalyst and support include palladium on carbon, palladium on calcium carbonate, palladium on barium sulfate, palladium on alumina, palladium on silica, palladium on titania, platinum on carbon, platinum on alumina, platinum on silica, iridium on silica, iridium on carbon, iridium on alumina, rhodium on carbon, rhodium on silica, rhodium on alumina, nickel on carbon, nickel on alumina, nickel on silica, rhenium on carbon, rhenium on silica, rhenium on alumina, ruthenium on carbon, ruthenium on alumina, ruthenium on silica and combinations thereof.

Further preferred combinations of catalyst and support include palladium on carbon, palladium on alumina, palladium on silica, palladium on titania, platinum on carbon, platinum on alumina, platinum on silica, iridium on silica, iridium on carbon, iridium on alumina, rhodium on carbon, rhodium on silica, rhodium on alumina, nickel on silica, ruthenium on carbon, ruthenium on alumina, ruthenium on silica and combinations thereof.

The levulinic acid useful in the processes of the invention may be obtained using traditional chemical routes or obtained from biobased, renewable cellulosic feedstocks. Utilization of bio-derived levulinic acid is likely to reduce the cost of manufacture of the compounds herein relative to conventional methods.

The compounds produced by the processes of the invention display properties that are useful in diverse applications. N-alkyl pyrrolidones with alkyl chains up to about 8 carbons function as aprotic chemical solvents with a lower toxicity profile than other solvents. The carbon chains of N-lower pyrrolidones are not long enough to allow micelle formation in water; thus these compounds do not exhibit significant surfactant properties. N-alkyl pyrrolidones with alkyl groups of about C₈ to C₁₄ exhibit surfactant properties, and pyrrolidones with longer N-alkyl chains act as complexing agents. The surface active properties of alkyl pyrrolidones, such as solubility, wetting, viscosity building, emulsifying and complexing are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,644. N-alkyl pyrrolidones can also be used for concentrating colloidal particles. Due to their solvent, surfactant and complexing properties, pyrrolidones are very useful in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial, agricultural and household chemicals and products.

The pyrrolidones produced by the processes of the invention are useful in preparing pharmaceutical products for use on humans, animals, reptiles, and fish. The pyrrolidones disclosed herein are particularly useful in topical formulations, such as ointments, creams, lotions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols, lotions, shampoos, foams, creams, gels, ointments, salves, milks, sticks, sprays, balms, emulsions, powders, solid or liquid soaps, or oils. Pyrrolidones, such as 5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones, can be used to enhance the transdermal penetration of active components into human or animal tissues and systems. Pyrrolidones can also act as solubilizers to enhance the solubility of a therapeutic agent in the carrier system.

The pyrrolidones produced by the processes of the invention may also be incorporated into matrix systems, such as patches, for the transdermal administration of, for example, an antimicrobial, a hormone, or an anti-inflammatory. The methods of preparation of pharmaceutical compositions as are commonly practiced in the pharmaceutical industry are useful with the processes of the invention. For discussion of such methods, see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (AR Gennaro, ed., 20^(th) Edition, 2000, Williams & Wilkins, PA) incorporated herein by reference.

The pyrrolidones made by the processes of the invention may be used as solvents or surfactants in liquid, gel or aerosol cleaning compositions for cleaning a wide range of surfaces, including textiles, such as clothing, fabrics and carpets, and hard surfaces, such as glass, metal, ceramics, porcelain, synthetic plastics and vitreous enamel. The pyrrolidones may also be used in formulations for disinfecting hard surfaces, such as in the household, or in institutional or hospital environments, or the surface of skin, or fabric surfaces, or in the food preparation, restaurant or hotel industries. In addition, cleaning compositions are useful for the removal of industrial soils, such as dirt, grease, oil, ink and the like. The pyrrolidones may also be used as solvents in compositions for cleaning, solvating, and/or removing plastic resins or polymers from manufactured articles or manufacturing equipment.

In addition to pyrrolidones, other components may be included in cleaning compositions. These additional components include nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and solvents. Illustrative nonionic surfactants are alkyl polyglycosides, such as Glucopon (Henkel Corporation), ethylene oxide and mixed ethylene oxide/propylene oxide adducts of alkylphenols, the ethylene oxide and mixed ethylene oxide/propylene oxide adducts of long chain alcohols or of fatty acids, mixed ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers, esters of fatty acids and hydrophilic alcohols, such as sorbitan monooleate, alkanolamides, and the like.

Illustrative anionic surfactants are the soaps, higher alkylbenzene sulfonates containing from 9 to 16 carbons in the higher alkyl group in a straight or branched chain, C₈-C₁₅ alkyl toluene sulfonates, C₈-C₁₅ alkyl phenol sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, alcohol and alcoholether sulfates, phosphate esters, and the like.

Illustrative cationic surfactants include amines, amine oxides, alkylamine ethoxylates, ethylenediamine alkoxylates such as the Tetronic® series from BASF Corporation, quaternary ammonium salts, and the like.

Illustrative amphoteric surfactants are those which have both acidic and basic groups in their structure, such as amino and carboxyl radicals or amino and sulfonic radicals, or amine oxides and the like. Suitable amphoteric surfactants include betaines, sulfobetaines, imidazolines, and the like.

Illustrative solvents include glycols, glycol ethers, aliphatic alcohols, alkanolamines, pyrrolidones and water.

Such surfactants and solvents are described, for example, in McCutcheon's (2002), Volume 1 (Emulsifiers and Detergents) and Volume 2 (Functional Materials), The Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co., Glen Rock, N.J.

Cleaning compositions may also include additional components, such as chelating agents, corrosion inhibitors, antimicrobial compounds, buffering and pH adjusting agents, fragrances or perfumes, dyes, enzymes and bleaching agents.

N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones are useful in cleaning and stripping formulations which are used to remove (or strip) a photoresist film (or other similar organic polymeric material film) or layer from a substrate, or to remove or clean various types of plasma-etch residues from a substrate. N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones are also useful as surfactants in cleaning formulations for removing solder pastes from printing applicators and circuit assemblies.

N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones, such as 5-methyl-N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone and 5-methyl-N-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidone, may be included as components in ink jet inks in order to improve resistance to highlighter smear when printed into an image, lead to an even print (minimize the degree of banding) and impart an improved waterfast resistance and/or a better dry or wet rub property. 2-Pyrrolidones, such as 5-methyl-N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone or 5-methyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, may also be used as a solvent in the preparation of hot melt or phase change inks for color printing.

The pyrrolidones made by the processes of the invention can also be utilized in the manufacture of agrochemicals, including but not limited to herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, algicides, mulluscicides, virucides, compounds inducing resistance to plants, repellants of birds, animals and insects, and plant growth regulators, or mixtures thereof. The method of manufacture comprises contacting an agrochemically effective agent as known to persons skilled in the art with at least one of the pyrrolidones produced by any of the methods of the invention. The agrochemical composition can optionally comprise additional auxilary components as are commonly used in the agrochemical industry.

Pyrrolidones, such as 5-methyl-N-methylpyrrolidone and 5-methyl-N-cyclohexyl pyrrolidone, can be used as water insoluble polar co-solvents to solubilize water insoluble pesticides and other agrochemicals and increase the effective amount of active ingredient. N-alkyl pyrrolidones, preferably N—C₃₋₁₅ alkyl pyrrolidones, in particular 5-methyl-N-octyl pyrrolidone and 5-methyl-N-dodecylpyrrolidone, can be used as nonionic surfactants that aid as emulsifiers. Plant growth regulators are used to improve the economic yield of agricultural plants. 5-Methyl-N-octyl pyrrolidone and 5-methyl-N-dodecyl pyrrolidone can be utilized as solvents in emulsions containing plant growth regulators.

In addition, pyrrolidones can be utilized in liquid or aerosol formulations for dermal application of insect repellants by humans; examples include mosquito and tick repellants. Manufacture of such insect repellants comprises contacting an effective amount of at least one insect repelling agent with at least one product produced using at least one process of the invention.

Pyrrolidones, such as 5-methyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, can also be used in antimicrobial formulations for the preservation of animal silage.

5-Methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones can also be used as part of a more environmentally-conscious method for dry-cleaning clothing that includes a surfactant and densified carbon dioxide in place of traditional solvents.

In addition, 5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones can be used as components in a protective composition for use on painted surfaces, such as cars. The pyrrolidones function to wet the surface and promote spreadability of the protectant.

Different plastic materials are often not miscible, resulting in products that exhibit insufficient mechanical properties. Monomeric and polymeric 5-methyl-pyrrolidone-containing compounds can be used as compatibilizers for plastic compositions; the compatibilizers attach themselves to the interface between the polymers involved, or penetrate into the polymers, thereby improving the adhesion between the polymers and enhancing mechanical properties.

5-Methyl-N-pyrrolidones can also be used as compatibilizers in the refrigeration and air conditioning industries. Transitioning from chlorofluorocarbon to hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants has necessitated the use of a new class of lubricants due to immiscibility with conventional lubricants such as mineral oil, poly α-olefin and alkylbenzene. However the new class of lubricants is expensive and also very hygroscopic. Absorption of water leads to acid formation and corrosion of the refrigeration system, as well as the formation of sludges. The lack of solubility of the hydrofluorocarbons in the conventional lubricants results in a highly viscous lubricant in the non-compressor zones, and results in insufficient lubricant return to the compressor. This can eventually result in a number of problems, including the compressor overheating and seizing and insufficient heat transfer in the refrigeration system. Compatibilizers solubilize the polar halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant and the conventional non-polar lubricant in the non-compressor zones, which results in efficient return of lubricant to the compressor zone. Compatibilizers may include the 5-methyl-N-alkyl- and 5-methyl-N-cycloalkyl-2-pyrrolidones.

Pyrrolidones can also be used as fuel and lubricant additives. For example, N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones can be used as detergents and dispersants in fuel additive compositions to keep valves, carburetors and injection systems clean, thereby improving the combustion characteristics and reducing deposits, thus reducing air polluting emissions. In addition, 5-methyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be used to remove unsaturated hydrocarbons from raw lube distillates or deasphalted residual lube stocks to produce solvent-refined base oils as lubricants.

Methods for the preparation of cleaning, stripping, agrochemical and plastic formulations are well known to persons skilled in the art. Similarly, methods for the preparation of insect repellants, ink jet inks, protective formulations for paint, fuel additives and lubricants, refrigeration and air conditioning lubricants, and for dry cleaning are well known in the art. Pyrrolidones can act as solvents, surfactants, dispersants, detergents, emulsifiers, viscosity builders and complexing agents in these formulations. Appropriate pyrrolidones are selected based on standard screening procedures for product performance. Additional components, such as pharmaceutical or agrochemical active agents or colorants, may be added to specific formulations as the main functional component; the nature of the functional component or components would be determined by the specific use. Auxiliary components, which enhance or are critical to the efficacy of the formulation, may also be added. Auxiliary components may include solvents or cosolvents, thickeners, antioxidants, spreading agents, preservatives, adhesives, emulsifiers, defoamers, humectants, dispersants, surfactants, suitable carriers, matrix systems, delivery vehicles, fragrances, salts, esters, amides, alcohols, ethers, ketones, acids, bases, alkanes, silicone, evaporation modifiers, paraffins, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, chelating agents, gases for aerosols, propellants or for dry cleaning, oils and water. Appropriate auxiliary components for the uses described herein are known to persons skilled in the art.

The following examples are illustrative of the invention. Examples 1 to 113 are actual examples; Examples 114 to 119 are prophetic.

EXAMPLES

The following abbreviations are used:

-   ESCAT-XXX: Series of catalysts provided by Engelhard Corp. (Iselin,     N.J.) -   Calsicat Carbon: Catalyst support from Engelhard Corp. -   Sibunit Carbon: Catalyst support from Inst. of Technical Carbon,     Omsk, Russia -   Calgon Carbon: Catalyst support from Calgon Carbon Corp. under the     brand name of Centaur(R) (Pittsburgh, Pa.) -   JM-AXXXX, JM-XXXX, JM-XXXX-SA: Series of catalysts from Johnson     Matthey, Inc. (W. Depfford, N.J.) -   ST-XXXX-SA: Series of catalysts from Strem Chemicals (Newburyport,     Mass.) -   SCCM: Standard cubic centimeters per minute -   GC: Gas chromatography -   GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

For catalyst preparation a commercially available support such as carbon, alumina, silica, silica-alumina or titania was impregnated by incipient wetness with a metal salt. The catalyst precursors used were NiCl₂.6H₂O (Alfa Chemical Co., Ward Hill, Mass.), Re₂O₇ (Alfa Chemical Co.), PdCl₂ (Alfa Chemical Co.), IrCl₃.3H₂O (Alfa Chemical Co.), RuCl₃.xH₂O (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.), H₂PtCl₆ (Johnson Matthey, Inc.), RhCl₃.xH₂O (Alfa Chemical Co.) and IrCl₃.3H₂O (Alfa Chemical Co.). The samples were dried and reduced at 300-450° C. under H₂ for 2 hours.

The carbon used was commercially available as Calsicat Carbon, Sibunit Carbon, Calgon Carbon (commercially available under the registered trademark Centaur(R)) or ST Carbon (Strem Chemicals). Calsicat Carbon is lot S-96-140 from Engelhard Corp. Sibunit Carbon is Sibunit-2 from Institute of Technical Carbon, 5th Kordnaya, Omsk 64418, Russia. Calgon Carbon is PCB Carbon from Calgon Corp. (commercially available under the registered trademark of Centaur(R)). Aniline, 2-ethyl aniline, 2-isopropyl aniline, toluidine, dioxane, ethyl levulinate, phenethylamine, o-anisidine, cyclohexylamine, pentylamine, ethanolamine, aminopropanol, cyclopentylamine, cycloheptylamine and t-octylamine are available from Fisher Scientific (Chicago, Ill.). Raney catalysts are available from W.R. Grace & Co. (Columbia, Md.).

Catalyst Preparation: 5% Pt on Acid Washed Calsicat Carbon

In a 150 ml beaker, a solution was made up of 4.5 ml 0.3 M H₂PtCl₆ with 4.0 ml deionized H₂O. To the beaker were added 4.75 g Calsicat Acid Washed Carbon (12×20 mesh, dried at 120° C. overnight). The slurry was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hr with occasional stirring, followed by drying at 120° C. overnight with frequent stirring (until free flowing).

In an alumina boat, in a quartz lined tube furnace, the catalyst was purged with 500 SCCM N₂ at room temperature for 15 min and then with 100 SCCM He at room temperature for 15 min. The catalyst was heated to 150° C. and held at 150° C. under He for 1 hr. At this point, 100 SCCM H₂ were added and the sample was held at 150° C. under He and H₂ for 1 hr. The temperature was increased to 300° C. and the catalyst was reduced at 300° C. under He-H₂ for 8 hrs. The H₂ was stopped, the sample was held at 300° C. under He for 30 min and then cooled to room temperature in flowing He. The catalyst was finally passivated in 1.5% O₂ in N₂ at 500 SCCM for 1 hr at room temperature and weighed 4.93 g when unloaded.

Additional catalysts used in the present invention were prepared following a similar procedure.

Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate to 5-Methyl-N-Aryl-2-Pyrrolidone and 5-Methyl-N-Cycloalkyl-2-Pyrrolidone

To a 5 ml pressure vessel was added 50 gm of catalyst, and 1 gm of a solution containing 30 wt % ethyl levulinate, 25% aryl or alkyl amine and 45% dioxane. The vessel was sealed, charged with 5.52 MPa hydrogen and heated to 150° C. for 4 hours. The pressure was maintained at 5.52 MPa during the course of the reaction. At the end of the reaction, the vessel was rapidly cooled in ice, vented and an internal GC standard of methoxyethylether was added. The solution was separated by pipette from the catalyst and analyzed by GC-MS using an HP 6890 (Agilent; Palo Alto, Calif.) equipped with a FFAP 7717 (30 meter) column. The results set forth in the tables below are based on area %.

The examples described below were performed according to a similar procedure under the conditions indicated for each example.

Examples 1-4

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-(2-Ethyl Cyclohexyl)-2-Pyrrolidone (2-ECHMP) and 5-Methyl-N-(2-Ethyl Phenyl)-2-Pvrrolidone (2-EPhMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using 2-Ethyl Aniline (2-EA) as the Aryl Amine

The reaction pressure was 6.90 MPa; the feedstock was ethyl levulinate (EL) and 2-ethyl aniline (2-EA) at a ratio (wt. %) or 54/46. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviation: ND, not determined. EL 2-ECHMP 2-EPhMP Ex. Catalyst/ Time Temp Conver- Selectivity Selectivity No. Support^(a) (hrs) (C.) sion (%) (%) (%) 1 5% Pt/C 8 150 89.5 ND 11.5 (ESCAT-248) 2 5% Pt/C 8 180 92.2 ND 47.3 (ESCAT-248) 3 5% Pt/C 12 180 95.3 ND 49.1 (ESCAT-248) 4 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ 8 150 82.1 16.9 ND (ESCAT-44) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 5-8

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-(2-Methyl Cyclohexyl)-2-Pvrrolidone (2-MCHMP) and 5-Methyl-N-o-Toluyl-2-Pyrrolidone (o-TMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EA) Using o-Toluidine (o-TLD) as the Aryl Amine

The reactions were run for 8 hours at a temperature and pressure of 150° C. and 6.90 MPa, respectively. The feedstock was ethyl levulinate (EL) and o-toluidine (o-TLD) at a ratio (wt. %) of 57/43. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviation: ND, not determined. EL 2-MCHMP o-TMP Ex. Temp Conversion Selectivity Selectivity No. Catalyst/Support^(a) (C.) (%) (%) (%) 5 5% Pt/C 150 93.5 ND 15.0 (ESCAT-248) 6 5% Pt/C 180 91.4 ND 63.0 (ESCAT-248) 7 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 150 95.2 61.3 ND (Fisher) 8 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ 150 85.2 17.8 ND (ESCAT-44) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 9-12

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-(4-Ethyl Cyclohexyl)-2-Pyrrolidone (4-ECHMP) and 5-Methyl-N-(4-Ethyl Phenyl)-2-Pvrrolidone (4-EPhMP) by Batch 20 Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using 4-Ethyl Aniline (2-EA) as the Aryl Amine

The reactions were carried out at 6.90 MPa; the feedstock was ethyl levulinate (EL) and 4-ethylaniline (4-EA) at a ratio (wt. %) of 54/46. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviation: ND, not determined. EL 4-ECHMP 4-EPhMP Ex. Catalyst/ Time Temp Conver- Selectivity Selectivity No. Support^(a) (hrs) (C.) sion (%) (%) (%)  9 5% Pt/C 8 150 98.3 ND 61.7 (ESCAT-248) 10 5% Pt/C 8 180 98.2 ND 83.0 (ESCAT-248) 11 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ 8 150 78.9 27.1 ND (ESCAT-44) 12 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 12 150 94.9 80.6 ND (Fisher) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 13-15

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-(2-Isopropyl Phenyl)-2-Pvrrolidone (2-IPPhMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using 2-Isopropyl Aniline as the Aryl Amine

The temperature and pressure of the reactions were 150° C. and 6.90 MPa, respectively. The feedstock used was ethyl levulinate (EL) and 2-isopropyl aniline (2-IPA) at a ratio (wt. %) of 52/48. The results are set forth in the following table. EL 2-IPPhMP Ex. Time Conversion Selectivity No. Catalyst/Support^(a) (hrs) (%) (%) 13 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ (ESCAT- 8 79.9 11.7 44) 14 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ (Fisher) 12 93.5 26.7 15 5% Pt/C (ESCAT-248) 8 88.8 16.0 ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 16-35

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-(2-Ethyl Phenyl)-2-Pyrrolidone (PEMP) and 5-Methyl-N-(2-Ethyl Cyclohexyl)-2-Pvrrolidone by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using 2-Phenethylamine (2-PEA) As the Aryl Amine

The temperature for the reactions was 150° C. The feedstock was EL/PEA/Dioxane at a ratio (weight %) of 30125/45, except for Examples 34-35; the feedstock for Examples 34 and 35 was EL/PEA at a ratio (weight %) of 54/46. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviation: Con, Conversion; Sel, Selectivity. H₂ EL Ex. Time Pressure Con CHEMP PEMP No. Catalyst/Support^(a) (hrs) (MPa) (%) Sel (%) Sel (%) 16 5% Pd/C 4 5.52 98.9 58.7 39.6 (ESCAT-142) 17 5% Pt/C 4 5.52 97.8 0.3 95.9 (ESCAT-248) 18 5% Ru/C 4 5.52 90.2 14.6 36.9 (ST-141060-SA) 19 5% Rh/C 4 5.52 99.4 27.3 68.4 (JM-11761) 20 5% Re/C 4 5.52 88.9 0.0 19.9 21 5% Ir/Calsicat C 4 5.52 99.2 12.3 86.7 22 5% Pd/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 97.9 7.1 89.7 (JM-A22117-5) 23 5% Pt/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 98.4 0.2 98.8 (ESCAT-294) 24 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 87.1 78.8 1.1 (ESCAT-44) 25 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 96.1 7.7 90.0 (Fisher) 26 5% Re/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 90.9 0.0 0.0 27 5% Ir/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 99.3 6.2 92.8 28 5% Pd/SiO₂ 4 5.52 98.2 6.2 90.2 29 5% Pt/SiO₂ 4 5.52 96.8 0.0 97.2 30 5% Ru/SiO₂ 4 5.52 86.3 69.3 0.3 31 5% Rh/SiO₂ 4 5.52 98.2 16.2 79.6 32 5% Re/SiO₂ 4 5.52 89.9 0.0 0.0 33 5% Ir/SiO₂ 4 5.52 97.5 2.0 95.4 34 5% Pt/C 8 6.90 99.8 0.1 58.3 (ESCAT-248) 35 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ 8 6.90 95.2 51.8 0.1 (ESCAT-44) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 36-52

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-Cyclohexyl-2-Pyrrolidone (CHMP) and 5-Methyl-N-Phenyl-2-Pyrrolidone (PhMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using Aniline (AN) as the Aryl Amine

The temperature for the reactions was 150° C. The feedstock was EL/AN/Dioxane at a ratio (weight %) of 35/23/42, except for Examples 48-52. The feedstock for Examples 48-49 was EL/AN at a ratio (weight %) of 61/39; the feedstock for Examples 50-51 was EL/AN at a ratio (weight %) of 28/72; the feedstock for Example 52 was EL/AN at a ratio (weight %) of 76/24. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviation: Con, Conversion; Sel, Selectivity. H₂ EL PhMP Ex. Time Pressure Con CHMP Sel No. Catalyst/Support^(a) (hrs) (MPa) (%) Sel (%) (%) 36 5% Pd/C 4 5.52 77.5 43.8 0.7 (ESCAT-142) 37 5% Pd/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 70.8 28.8 5.9 (JM-A22117-5) 38 5% Ru/C 4 5.52 50.7 15.1 0.9 (ST-141060-SA) 39 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 73.2 24.9 0.8 (Aldrich) 40 5% Rh/C 4 5.52 66.6 47.2 0.2 (JM-11761) 41 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 82.0 51.6 0.7 (Aldrich) 42 5% Pt/C 4 5.52 58.2 4.2 27.9 (ESCAT-248) 43 5% Rh/Sibunit C 4 5.52 80.6 51.4 0.4 44 5% Rh/Calsicat C 4 5.52 83.1 55.8 0.1 45 5% Rh/Calgon C 4 5.52 92.1 48.7 0.1 46 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 86.2 50.6 0.0 47 5% Rh/SiO₂ 4 5.52 89.9 51.9 0.2 48 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 8 6.90 92.1 53.9 0.3 (Aldrich) 49 5% Rh/C 8 6.90 95.8 51.5 0.4 (JM-11761) 50 5% Rh/C 12 6.90 99.2 30.4 0.0 (Aldrich) 51 5% Rh/C 12 6.90 100.0 29.7 3.3 (JM-11761) 52 5% Rh/C 12 6.90 70.8 54.8 1.2 (JM-11761) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 53-68

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-(4-Methyl Cyclohexyl)-2-Pyrrolidone (4-MeCHMP) and 5-Methyl-N-(4-Methyl Phenyl)-2-Pyrrolidone (p-TMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using p-Toluidine (p-TLD) as the Aryl Amine

The reactions were carried out at 150° C. The feedstock was EL/p-TLD/Dioxane at a ratio (weight %) of 35/26/39, except for Examples 66-68; the feedstock for Examples 66-68 was EL/p-TLD at a ratio (weight %) of 57.5/42.5. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviations: Con, Conversion; Sel, Selectivity. H₂ EL Ex. Time Pressure Con 4-MeCHMP p-TMP No. Catalyst/Support^(a) (hrs) (Mpa) (%) Sel (%) Sel (%) 53 5% Rh/C 6 5.52 67.7 66.7 3.8 (JM-11761) 54 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 6 5.52 79.9 58.5 2.7 (Aldrich) 55 5% Ru/C 6 5.52 69.7 17.1 5.9 (ST-141060-SA) 56 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ 6 5.52 72.8 29.3 1.1 (Aldrich) 57 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 6 5.52 48.9 62.5 5.0 (Fisher) 58 5% Pt/C 6 5.52 78.1 4.7 63.9 (ESCAT-248) 59 5% Pd/C 6 5.52 78.6 42.9 26.7 (JM-A11108-5) 60 5% Pd/C 6 5.52 75.0 34.6 34.2 (JM-A11208-5) 61 5% Pd/C 6 5.52 72.6 27.4 35.9 (ESCAT-142) 62 5% Pd/Al₂O₃ 6 5.52 80.2 38.4 17.2 (JM-A22117-5) 63 5% Pd/C 6 5.52 79.6 38.5 17.8 (JM-A302099-5) 64 5% Pd/BaSO₄ 6 5.52 41.6 22.0 32.5 (JM-A22222-5) 65 5% Pd/CaCO₃ 6 5.52 59.2 34.3 27.9 (JM-A21139-5) 66 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 8 6.90 100.0 73.0 2.2 (Fisher) 67 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 8 6.90 100.0 71.9 1.2 (Aldrich) 68 5% Pt/C 8 6.90 100.0 0.0 82.2 (ESCAT-248) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 69-70

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-(2-Methoxy Cyclohexyl)-2-Pyrrolidone and 5-Methyl-N-(2-Methoxy Phenyl)-2-Pyrrolidone by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using o-Anisidine (o-AND) as the Aryl Amine

The reactions were carried out for 8 hours at a temperature and pressure of 150° C. and 6.90 MPa, respectively. The feedstock was ethyl levulinate (EL) and o-anisidine (o-AND) at a ratio (wt. %) of 54/46. The results are set forth in the following table. EL 2-MOCHMP o-ANMP Ex. Conversion Selectivity Selectivity No. Catalyst/Support^(a) (%) (%) (%) 69 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ 87.9 23.4 ND (Fisher) 70 5% Pt/C (ESCAT- 97.7 ND 20.4 248) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 71-88

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-Cyclohexyl-2-Pyrrolidone (MCHP) and 5-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (MP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using Cyclohexylamine (CHA) as the Alkyl Amine

The reaction temperature was 150° C.; the reactions were carried out for 4 hrs. at a pressure of 5.52 MPa, except for Ex. 88. Ex. 88 was 20 carried out at 150° C. and 6.90 MPa for a period of 8 hrs. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviations: Con, conversion; Sel, selectivity. Feedstock EL MP Ex. Ratio Con MCHP Sel No. Catalyst/Support^(a) Feedstock (wt %) (%) Sel (%) (%) 71 5% Pd/C EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 98.7 94.7 0.4 (ESCAT-142) Dioxane 72 5% Pt/C EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 92.2 86.6 0.7 (ESCAT-248) Dioxane 73 5% Ru/C EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 100.0 22.6 21.2 (ST-141060-SA) Dioxane 74 5% Rh/C EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 86.0 84.6 2.2 (JM-11761) Dioxane 75 5% Re/C EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 55.6 1.2 32.3 Dioxane 76 5% Ir/Calsicat C EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 99.7 85.3 1.3 Dioxane 77 5% Pd/Al₂O₃ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 98.8 94.7 0.4 (JM-A22117-5) Dioxane 78 5% Pt/Al₂O₃ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 88.2 91.9 1.5 (Fisher) Dioxane 79 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 99.9 36.2 2.1 (Aldrich) Dioxane 80 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 81.2 79.6 4.9 (Fisher) Dioxane 81 5% Ir/Al₂O₃ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 99.5 85.0 0.9 Dioxane 82 5% Pd/SiO₂ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 97.1 97.1 0.3 Dioxane 83 5% Pt/SiO₂ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 89.7 92.2 0.7 Dioxane 84 5% Ru/SiO₂ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 99.9 32.1 4.3 Dioxane 85 5% Rh/SiO₂ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 100.0 83.0 1.5 Dioxane 86 5% Re/SiO₂ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 56.5 1.6 0.0 Dioxane 87 5% Ir/SiO₂ EL/CHA/ 30/21/49 96.4 92.1 0.6 Dioxane 88 5% Pd/C EL/CHA 59/31 93.9 98.5 1.2 (ESCAT-142) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 89-90

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-Pentyl-2-Pyrrolidone (PeMP) or 5-Methyl-N-t-Octyl-2-Pyrrolidone (t-OMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using Pentylamine (PeA) or t-Octylamine (t-OA), Respectively, as the Alkyl Amine

The reactions were carried out at 150° C. and 6.90 MPa; the time for the reactions was 8 hrs. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviations: Con, conversion; Sel, selectivity; N/A, not applicable. Feedstock EL Ex. Catalyst/ Ratio Con PeMP t-OMP No. Support^(a) Feedstock (wt. %) (%) Sel (%) Sel (%) 89 5% Pd/C EL/PeA 62/38 100.0 37.0 N/A (ESCAT-142) 90 5% Pd/C EL/t-OA 53/47 28.4 N/A 13.5 (ESCAT-142) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 91-106

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-Hydroxyethyl-2-Pyrrolidone (HEMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using Ethanolamine (EA) as the Alkyl Amine

The reactions were performed at 150° C. The feedstock was EL/EA/Dioxane at a ratio (weight %) of 40/17/43, except for Example 106; The feedstock for Example 106 was EL/EA at a ratio (weight %) of 70/30. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviations: Con, conversion; Sel, selectivity. H₂ EL Ex. Time Pressure Con HEMP No. Catalyst/Support^(a) (hrs) (MPa) (%) Sel (%) 91 5% Pd/C (ESCAT-142) 4 5.52 98.8 93.0 92 5% Pt/C (ESCAT-248) 4 5.52 96.6 89.9 93 5% Ru/C (ST-141060-SA) 4 5.52 99.2 72.0 94 5% Rh/C (JM-11761) 4 5.52 97.1 93.1 95 5% Ir/Calsicat C 4 5.52 99.6 92.0 96 5% Pd/Al₂O₃ (JM-A22117-5) 4 5.52 98.2 82.4 97 5% Pt/Al₂O₃ (Fisher) 4 5.52 95.2 87.5 98 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ (Aldrich) 4 5.52 97.4 65.3 99 5% Rh/Al₂O₃ (Fisher) 4 5.52 91.2 77.8 100 5% Ir/Al₂O₃ 4 5.52 98.0 93.4 101 5% Pd/SiO₂ (Aldrich) 4 5.52 98.4 94.6 102 5% Pt/SiO₂ (Fisher) 4 5.52 95.3 84.0 103 5% Ru/SiO₂ (Aldrich) 4 5.52 99.8 67.8 104 5% Rh/SiO₂ (Fisher) 4 5.52 96.1 90.4 105 5% Ir/SiO₂ 4 5.52 96.6 72.0 106 5% Pd/C (ESCAT-142) 8 6.90 100.0 45.5 ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 107-111

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-2-Pyrrolidone (HPMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using 3-Aminopropanol (3APOH) as the Alkyl Amine

The reaction temperature was 150° C.; the reactions were carried out for 4 hrs at a pressure of 5.52 MPa. The feedstock was ethyl levulinate/3-aminopropanol/dioxane at a ratio (weight %) of 40/21/39. The results are set forth in the following table. EL HPMP Conversion Selectivity Ex. No. Catalyst/Support^(a) (%) (%) 107 5% Pd/C (ESCAT-142) 100.0 97.2 108 5% Pt/C (ESCAT-248) 100.0 81.5 109 5% Ru/C (ST-141060-SA) 100.0 59.9 110 5% Rh/C (JM-11761) 99.7 80.1 111 5% Ir/Calsicat C 97.9 84.4 ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Examples 112-113

Preparation of 5-Methyl-N-Cyclopentyl-2-Pyrrolidone (CPMP) or 5-Methyl-N-Cycloheptyl-2-Pyrrolidone (CHpMP) by Batch Reduction of Ethyl Levulinate (EL) Using Cyclopentylamine (CPA) or Cycloheptylamine (ChpA), Respectively, as the Alkyl Amine

The reaction temperature and pressure were 150° C. and 6.90 MPa, respectively. The reactions were carried out for 8 hrs. The results are set forth in the following table. Abbreviation: N/A, not applicable. Feed- stock EL CPMP CHpMP Ex. Catalyst/ Feed- Ratio Conver- Selectivity Selectivity No. Support^(a) stock (wt %) sion (%) (%) (%) 112 5% Pd/C EL/ 63/37 99.6 71.6 N/A (ESCAT- CPA 142) 113 5% Pd/C EL/ 56/44 99.5 N/A 72.5 (ESCAT- CHpA 142) ^(a)Source for commercially available catalyst/support is in parentheses.

Example 114 Pharmaceutical Formulations

A) Topical Formulation: Solubilizer (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether)   2% to 50% Skin permeation enhancer   2% to 50% (N-hydroxyethyl-2-pyrrolidone) Emulsifier   2% to 20% Emollient (propylene glycol)   2% to 20% Preservative 0.01 to 0.2% Active agent   0 to 25% Carrier Balance B) Cream: Phase 1: Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate   5% Caprilic/capric triglycerides   5% Oleoyl macrogolglycerides (Labrafil M 1944CS)   4% Cetyl alcohol  5.5% PPG-2 myristyl ether propionate (Crodamol PMP)   6% 5-methyl-N-hydroxyethyl-2-pyrrolidone   2% Phase 2: Xanthan gum  0.3% Purified water   55% Phase 3: Propylene glycol   1% Methylparaben 0.18% Propylparaben 0.02% Phase 4: Naftifine hydrochloride (antifungal)   1% Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol)   15% Procedure:

Xanthan gum is dispersed in water and allowed to stand. Phase 1 components and phase 2 components are separately heated to 75° C.; phase 1 is mixed into phase 2 under high speed agitation. The temperature is maintained at 75° C. while stirring for 10 min. The mixture is then slowly cooled while stirring at low speed. At 40° C., phase 3 is added. Naftifine is then mixed well into the Transcutol, and the mixture is added to the cream, mixed well and the cream is cooled to room temperature. C) Transdermal Patch Formulation: Ketoprofen 0.3% Polysorbate 80 0.5% 5-Methyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone   1% 5-Methyl-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone   2% PEG 400  10% CMC-Na   4% Na-polyacrylate 5.5% Sanwet 1M-1000PS 0.5% Polyvinyl alcohol   1% PVP/VA copolymer   3%

Example 115 Cleaning Compositions

A) Grease Removal Formulation: Water   89% Potassium carbonate    1% Potassium bicarbonate    5% 5-Methyl-N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone  2.5% Deriphatec 151-C (Henkel Corp.)  2.5% B) Oil-in-Water Emulsion in Aerosol Form: Crillet 45 (Croda)  3.30% Monamulse DL 1273 (Mona Industries, Inc.)  3.30% 5-Methyl-N-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidone  5.50% Denatured absolute ethanol 100 AG/F3 (CSR Ltd.) 15.40% Norpar 15 (Exxon)  5.50% Deionized water 44.10% Butane 16.95% Propane  5.95% C) All-Purpose Liquid Cleaning Composition: Neodol 91-8 (Shell)  3.5% Linear alkyl (C9-13) benzene sulfonate, Mg salt  10.5% Propylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether  4.0% Coco fatty acid  1.4% 5-Methyl-N-decyl-2-pyrrolidone  1.0% Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate  5.0% Water 74.6 D) Shower-Rinsing Composition: Glucopon 225 (Henkel Corp.)  2.0% Isopropyl alcohol  2.2% Sequestrene 40 (45%, Ciba)  1.0% Fragrance  0.02% Barquat 4250Z (50%, Lonza)  0.2% 5-Methyl-N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone  1.0% Water 93.58% E) Dishwashing Composition: Ethanol (95%)  8.6% Alfonic 1412-A [Ethylene oxide sulfate (59.3%)]  22.5% Alfonic 1412-10  1.1% Sodium chloride  0.9% 5-Methyl-N-decyl-2-pyrrolidone  7.5% Water  59.4% F) Aqueous Antimicrobial Cleaning Composition: Adipic acid  0.40% Dacpon 27-23 AL (Condea; C₁₂₋₁₄ sodium alkyl  0.15% sulfate, 28% active) Isopropyl alcohol  1.8% Dowanol PnB (Dow; propylene glycol  0.30% mono-N-butyl ether) 5-Methyl-N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone  0.4% Sodium hydroxide  0.05% Water  96.9%

An antimicrobial wipe can be made by impregnating a substrate with the above composition; the substrate can be spunlace comprising viscose/polyester at a ratio of 70:30 with a specific weight of 50 grams/m². The composition to substrate ratio is about 2.6:1. G) Disinfectant: Benzalkonium chloride   5% Sodium carbonate   2% Sodium citrate 1.5% Nonoxynol 10 2.5% 5-Methyl-N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone   5% Water  84% H) Anti-Parasitidal Agent (for dermal application to animals): Antiparasital agent 1 to 20% 5-Methyl-N-isopropyl-2-pyrrolidone  30% Benzyl alcohol (preservative)   3% Thickener 0.025-10% Colorant 0.025-10% Emulsifier 0.025-10% Water Balance

Example 116 Stripping/Cleaning Formulation

5-Methyl-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone 30% Monoethanolamine 55% Lactic acid  5% Water 10%

Example 117 Ink Jet Ink

-   -   CAB-O-JET 300 (Active) 4%     -   Diethylene glycol 17.5%     -   5-Methyl-N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone 2.5%     -   Deionized H₂O 76%

Example 118 Agrochemical Compositions

A) Composition for the Control of Insects: Permethrin   2% 5-Methyl-N-decyl-2-pyrrolidone   3% Dimethyl dipropyl naphthalene   7% Lauryl alcohol   5% Hymal 1071 (MatsumotoYushi Seiyaky, Inc.)  10% Hytenol N-08 (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku, Inc.)   2% Polyoxyethylene glycol  71% B) Pesticide Formulation: 5-Methyl-N-alkyl pyrrolidone  48% Sodium dodecyl sulfate  12% Agrimer AL25  10% Rodeo (pesticide; Monsanto)   1% Water  29% C) Emulsifiable Fungicide Formulation: Kresoxin-methyl 0.5% Propylene carbonate 1.5% Aromatic petroleum distillate 150 (Exxon) 2.9% 5-methyl-N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone 3.8% CaH/DDBSA [50% (Ca dodecylbenzene 1.4% Sulfonate + Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic acid (5:1) in Exxon 150 Water Balance

Example 119 Formulation for Protective Composition for Painted Automobile Surfaces

Propylene glycol phenyl ether  2.0% 5-Methyl-N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone  0.1% Emulsified silicone:  3.0%  a) dimethyl silicone (2.67%)  b) amino-functional silicone (0.21%)  c) silicone resin (0.12%) Water 94.9% 

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 22. A process for preparing a refrigerant or air conditioning lubricant, the process comprising the steps of: i) preparing 5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone (VI) using a process comprising the step of contacting a levulinic acid ester (I) with an alkyl amine (V) in the presence of hydrogen gas and a metal catalyst, the metal catalyst being optionally supported, and, optionally, in the presence of a solvent;

wherein R₂ is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, C₁-C₁₈ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl containing at least one heteroatom, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and wherein R₄ is an alkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbons, and wherein R₄ may be C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, C₃-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₃₀ unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl containing at least one heteroatom; and ii) contacting 5-methyl-N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone (VI) with at least one refrigerant. 